1. EmbryologyMuscular epithelial-lined tubeDerived from primitive foregutSecond week of embryologic developmentMesoderm forms and separates ectoderm from endoderm--providesmaterial necessary for connective tissue, muscular coats, serous coverings2. Histology and Final DevelopmentAdventitia: outer loose connective tissue containing nerves, lymphatics, blood vesselsMuscularis: two layers of muscle--outer longitudinal and an inner circularSubmucosa: connects muscularis with the mucosa--strongest layer--elastic tissue; collagenous fibers; network of...
Wednesday, 27 February 2008
Tuesday, 26 February 2008
Monday, 25 February 2008
When a hiatus hernia occurs , a portion of the stomach is able to slide upwards through the opening in the diaphragm, beside the oesophagus, into the chest.There are 2 main types of hiatus hernia.Sliding hiatus hernia: this is the most common type of hiatus hernia. It occurs when the junction between the oesophagus and the stomach and the upper part of the stomach protrude up through the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm into the chest cavity....
IMPLANON™ (etonogestrel implant) is indicated for women for the prevention of pregnancy. IMPLANON™ is a long-acting (up to three years), reversible, contraceptive method. IMPLANON™ must be removed by the end of the third year and may be replaced by a new IMPLANON™ at the time of removal, if continued contraceptive pro- tection is desired.In clinical trials involving 923 subjects and 1854 women-years of IMPLANON™ use, the total exposure in 28-day...
Website allows users to calculate radiation exposure during scans. In her column in Chicago's Daily Herald (2/24), Anna Marie Kukec wrote that "[s]ome medical groups" have expressed "concerns over radiation exposure" during scans. This "led American Imaging Management, a subsidiary of WellPoint Inc., last week to launch a website" that "helps calculate radiation exposure and explains results." The site allows users to calculate the "millisivert measurement of radiation dosage" by "type of scan." The company, which "is a subsidiary of WellPoint...
Wednesday, 20 February 2008
An ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening gynecologic emergency that requires urgent intervention. Because the vast majority of ectopic pregnancies are tubal,[1] this discussion concentrates on this specific type of ectopic pregnancy. There is ongoing debate in regard to the best method to investigate and diagnose (tubal) ectopic pregnancy.[2]In all sexually active women of reproductive age who present with lower abdominal pain, with or without vaginal bleeding, an ectopic pregnancy must be excluded. A qualitative urine dipstick test...
Tuesday, 19 February 2008
Medical Research NewsPublished: Wednesday, 20-Feb-2008As more and more Americans undergo CT scans and other medical imaging scans involving intense X-rays, a new study suggests that many of them should take a pre-scan drug that could protect their kidneys from damage.The inexpensive drug, called N-acetylcysteine, can prevent serious kidney damage that can be caused by the iodine-containing "dyes" that doctors use to enhance the quality of such scans.That "dye," called contrast agent, is usually given intravenously before a CT scan, angiogram or...
Sunday, 17 February 2008
HistoryIodinated contrast media were first introduced in 1929 as sodium Iodide (1,2). In the 1950’s tri-iodinated benzoic acid salts were introduced and then in the 1970’s, the currently used low osmolarity non-ionic contrast media were developed.PathophysiologyIodine has a high atomic number of 53, similar to that of barium.(1) After intravenous injection, 70% of the dose diffuses into the extracellular space within 5 minutes and complete equilibrium is achieved by 2 hours. It is filtered by the renal glomerulus and has no tubular reabsorption...
Who Is at Risk for Contrast- Induced Nephropathy?by Richard Solomon MDIdentifying high-risk patients is the first step in a programmatic approach to preventing contrast-induced nephropathy.A number of risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy have now been identified through the analysis of information from large databases. Most of the data come from the cardiac literature and involve patients diagnosed with and without interventional procedures. The clinical risk factors correspond to recognized pathophysiological mechanisms of acute renal...
Tufail F. Patankar, Dipayan Mitra, Anoop Varma, Julie Snowden, David Neary, and Alan JacksonBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Virchow-Robin spaces (VRSs) are CSF spaces that accompanyblood vessels as they perforate the brain substance. Dilatation of VRS is associated with microangiopathy. Microvascular disease has a major etiologic and pathogenetic role in dementias.To our knowledge, no investigators have looked at the relationship between dilated VRS onMR imaging and cerebral microvascular disease. The aim of our study was to test thehypothesis that dilatation...
David G. Munoz, MD, FRCPCFrom the University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Toronto, ON, Canada.Although Alois Alzheimer had described in 1902 a baffling extensive and severe degeneration of the cerebral white matter (misnamed Binswanger disease), over half a century of regular examination of brains by histological techniques failed to recognize the common occurrence of bilateral, patchy or confluent, white matter lesions revealed first as hypodense areas by computed tomography and later with much improved definition...
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